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For example, in the chaotic and sorrowful years that followed the fall of Constantinople members of the Orthodox intelligentsia sought to ensure the survival of Moscow, the most powerful remaining Orthodox state. These clergymen provided much of the theoretical basis for the Moscow’s fledgling identity as a new homeland for the Orthodox and Roman traditions. Orthodox clergymen began to relocate to Moscow from the 14th century onward as the Ottomans gained ground in the Balkans – one of these émigrés, a Bulgarian by the name of Cyprian, even became Metropolitan of Moscow in 1390.
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This ideology implanted a sense of holy mission into Russian culture, which continues to shape Russia’s view of its place in the world to this day.Īs Byzantium disintegrated, elements of the old empire trickled north towards the relatively untouched and stable Russian principalities. The remarkable endurance of Russian Orthodoxy created a potent narrative of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (the precursor to the modern Russian state) taking up the mantle of Rome and of Orthodox Christianity after the destruction of the Byzantine Empire. The only region of Eastern Christianity not under immediate threat of subjugation was Russia, which had joined the Orthodox fold following the conversion of Prince Vladimir the Great of the Kievan Rus in 988AD. The only politically independent Orthodox states left in the Balkans were a collection of small duchies and kingdoms, soon to be swallowed up by the expansionist Ottoman Empire. After the holy city’s capture, Orthodox Christendom was thrown into a state of panic and confusion, and seemed to be teetering on the edge of oblivion. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 finally brought an end to Byzantium, the Christian successor state to the Ancient Roman Empire.